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The City of Cornwall is steeped in a rich and diverse history. Originally named New Johnstown, the name was changed to Cornwall in honour of Prince George, the Duke of Cornwall. The City was later incorporated as a town in 1834 and became a city in 1945.

Cornwall is a bilingual city with lots of do and see. You'll find yourself at home with the friendly folk who live here (because the city is incidentally known as the "Friendly Seaway City".) Enjoy the different cultures and unique Canadian activities offered here, and take home fond memories of your time spent in Cornwall.

A Loyalist Settlement

Cornwall was first settled in 1784 by United Empire Loyalists consisting of the officers and families of the First Battalion King's Royal Regiment of New York and a contingent of the 84th Royal Highland Emigrants. This group of disbanded soldiers and Loyalist refugees, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Johnson, came to the scenic and fertile site, intent on building a new life.

For years, these Loyalists had fought on behalf of Britain in Northern New York and Vermont during the American Revolutionary War. These people came to settle and prosper on the lands which the Crown had granted them in reward for their loyal service during the war.

Owing to its strategic location, Cornwall served as a garrison town, as well as a communications and supply post during the War of 1812. At nearby Crysler's farm, the Loyalists successfully repelled American troops in one of the most famous battles of the War.

Soon after its settlement, Cornwall evolved into an administrative centre for Eastern Ontario and made important contributions to the province's growth.

Under the influence of schoolmaster John Strachan, who would become the first Anglican Bishop of Upper Canada, Cornwall was transformed into a unique centre of learning and political influence that served as training ground for the "Family Compact", Ontario's ruling class until the 1850's. One graduate was John Sandfield MacDonald, the first Premier of Ontario.

This early and colourful history makes Cornwall one of Ontario's oldest permanent settlements. In 1984, the city recognized its historical heritage through a year-long celebration. The Bicentennial was marked by various activities, including the publication of a 500-page book, entitled From Royal Township to Industrial City, that sketched in detail Cornwall's distinctive past.

An Industrial Centre

Significant chapters in Cornwall's history were written during the latter half of the 19th century as the town emerged as an important industrial centre in Eastern Ontario.

Construction of the Cornwall Canal between 1834-42 provided transportation and water power for the numerous mills and later textile plants which located along the waterfront.

Industrial sites were first laid out in the mid 1840's, and soon flour mills, tanneries, and woollen mills were in operation. Among the first major manufacturers to locate in Cornwall were the Stormont, Dundas Canada Cotton Mills.

The early growth in Cornwall's industrial sector can be attributed to many of the same factors that continue to attract manufacturers to modern-day Cornwall: unlimited waterpower awaited exploitation, a major market, Montreal, was in close proximity, and a labour force was at hand.

The industrial expansion that occurred on the waterfront from 1870 to 1880, at a time when the rest of the country was experiencing severe recession, resulted in a doubling of the town's population, from 2,033 in 1871 to 4,468 in 1881. A major industry that had a significant influence on the City's economy was built during this period, namely the Toronto Paper Company, which later become Domtar.

Amidst this flurry of activity, a historic event took place in April 1883, when electric lighting was installed in the Canada Cotton mill.

Another period of staggering growth took place between 1921 and 1931, when Cornwall's population increased by fifty percent. A highlight from this era was the establishment of Courtaulds Canada Inc.'s rayon manufacturing mill. Another large industry of note, CIL which became ICI, established in Cornwall in 1935.

Cornwall's steady growth continued in the 1950's with the building of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Construction of the Seaway began on August 10, 1954 and was finalized on Dominion Day, July 1, 1958. Thousands of spectators watched as thirty tons of dynamite were detonated causing the last coffer dam to flood the riverbed and Lake St. Lawrence. This historic event marked the largest international hydro-electric power dam.

For the past several decades, Cornwall's economy has continued to grow and change. Today, Cornwall is a modern community with a very diverse economy that includes manufacturing, logistics/distribution and service sectors.

The early growth in Cornwall's industrial sector can be attributed to many of the same factors that continue to attract manufacturers to modern-day Cornwall: unlimited waterpower awaited exploitation, a major market, Montreal, was in close proximity, and a labour force was at hand.

Local Museums, Historical Sites, Plaques

Cornwall is a community that recognizes with pride its rich historical heritage. Reminders of the City's colourful past come to life in a variety of ways which provide modern-day Cornwall with a sense of old-world charm.

A museum and an archives are easily accessible to the public, and provide interesting activities from April to November within the City's boundaries.

The United Counties Museum in the Wood House contains a varied collection of Canadiana, including household articles, furniture, pictures, clothing, maps, tools, and toys from Cornwall's earliest days. The museum is located on the waterfront in Lamoureux Park and is open from 10am to 4pm Wednesday to Sunday.

Recently, the Murals Committee of Cornwall was established in order to initiate a Heritage Murals project in Cornwall to honour the City's eventful history. To date, three murals located in the downtown area, have been painted by Canadian artists and reflect historic settings and events from Cornwall's past. Also as a result of the "Walldog Jam" held in the summer of 2001, Cornwall now boasts an additional 9 murals throughout the City.

Cornwall's dramatic past is also preserved and promoted through the efforts of various historical organizations, such as the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Historical Society, La Societe Historique de Cornwall, and Cornwall LACAC.

Historical Sites & Plaques

Tributes to people, places and events of local, provincial and national historical significance dot the City of Cornwall in the form of commemorative plaques and monuments. A list of these historic sites is provided in the following table.

Waterfront Walking Tour/ Lamoureux Park ? Cornwall's riverfront heritage can be traced through historic plaques placed along the bicycle path. Starting from the eastern end of the old Cornwall Canal and continuing behind Domtar, this scenic 4 km walk captures the history of Cornwall from the arrival of the Loyalists to the building of the Seaway.

In addition, a myriad of historical places of interest are located in the Seaway Valley, all within minutes of Cornwall. These include, to name a few: Upper Canada Village (Morrisburg), St. Raphael's ruins (St. Raphael's), Lancaster Cairn (Lancaster), Simon Fraser's burial site (St. Andrews West), American Indian Travelling College (Cornwall Island) and Nor'Westers and Loyalist Museum (Williamstown).